(Fifty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Acmc Recently, many studies showed that it could improve the growth and health, which should, at least partially, be derived from the promotion of gut functions, including digestion, absorption, and barrier. Compound Benzoic Acid Ointment is used for fungal infections of skin, skin fungal infections, lice and scabies infestations and other conditions. WHO Technical Report Series, No. The findings may thus be relevant for specific individuals within the population, showing sensitivity to food additives in general or to food colors in particular 24). Ortho-benzoylbenzoic Acid 14. Information on the stability of the salts of the benzoic acid in food is very limited, but the benzoate anion is chemically stable, and degradation in food or reactions with food components are not anticipated, with the exception of the reaction with ascorbic acid under certain conditions (see benzoic acid hazards below). To help unclog the pores, it even dries off dead skin cells. }); Benzoic acid hazards – formation of benzene from benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid, Benzoic acid. Benzoic acid (C7H6O2) was first described in the 16th century. google_ad_client: "ca-pub-9759235379140764", Unii-1n20y812xw 31. A review of human carcinogens. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Usually processed food has benzoic acid to inhibit the growth of bacteria, mould and yeast. It is used in various ways, like manufacturing of insect repellents, below are some uses of benzoic acid in our life. It is the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. Benzoic acid's most common uses are in carbonated beverages, pickles, sauces, and jelly. The results of the available short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and sodium benzoate indicated that the toxicity of benzoic acid and its salts is low with no marked target organ toxicity. Other esters, including benzyl formate and benzyl acetate, are also present. Emerald’s Purox benzoates are produced to the highest purity available, minimum 99.9%, which ensures excellent taste and odor profiles. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Benzoic acid and its salts SCF/CS/ADD/CONS/48 Final. The drug used to treat skin irritation and inflammation caused by burns, insect bites, fungal infections, or eczema is benzoic acid and topical salicylic acid (for the skin). Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirty-Fifth Series. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate have also been evaluated by the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers 29) and the Scientific Committee on Consumer Products 30). Example – salad dressings, soft drinks, fruit juices and pickles. In 1974, JECFA 6) established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg/kg body weight for benzoic acid and its salts, expressed as benzoic acid, which was reconfirmed at its most recent evaluation in 1996 7). The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that benzene is a genotoxic carcinogen classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) 47), that the World Health Organization (WHO) has derived a guideline value for benzene in drinking water of 10 μg/L 48), that according to the Council Directive 98/83/EC12 the maximum level of benzene in drinking water is 1 μg/L in the European Union and that the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment considered that the concentration of benzene in beverages should be as low as reasonably achievable 49). No information was available regarding the manufacture of calcium benzoate; the European Food Safety Authority Panel assumed that it is manufactured similarly, by reaction of benzoic acid with calcium hydroxide, or other calcium salt. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.013. Report 1. Preparation of potassium benzoate. Food additive (e number) Treatment of metabolic disease Antiseptic agent Pharmaceutic aid: Preservative Benzoic acid and its salts are primarily used as food preservatives in acidified foodstuffs and beverages such as fruit juice, soft drinks and carbonated drinks. 05%). The pressure of the liquid discharged from the reactor is reduced to atmospheric, and unreacted toluene is recovered. Fragen und Antworten zu Benzol in Erfrischungsgetränken und Karottensäften. Impact on health when sugar is replaced with intense sweeteners in soft drinks, “saft” and nectar. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), 2012. SCCP (Scientific Committee on Consumer Products), 2005. SCCNFP/0532/01 final. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Peroxides are reaction intermediates. Aktualisierte FAQ des BfR vom 16. 2009;20:414–418. Benzoic acid uses Benzoic acid is an extensively used food preservative. Final. Benzoic acid is an ingredient in many cosmetic products, such as lipsticks. Furthermore, anaphylaxis and urticaria have also been observed in sensitive individuals following exposure to benzoic acid and its salts at doses below the acceptable daily intake (ADI). BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2005. Lancet, 370, 1560-1567. Considering additional exposure from food categories which may contain benzoic acid-benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available, in the refined brand-loyal exposure scenario, the ADI was exceeded at the high level for all population groups and for infants, toddlers, children and adolescent at the mean. Food Control. An acute study by gavage with benzoic acid in albino rats was available to the European Food Safety Authority Panel. Benzoic acid have previously been evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) in 1994 3) and 2002 4). Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldeydes, a related acetal, benzoic acid, and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30. The Scientific Committee on Food established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0–5 mg/kg body weight per day for benzoic acid and its salts, also including benzyl alcohol and related benzyl derivatives used as flavorings 5). International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS): Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate. It is used in the treatment of skin irritation caused by insect bites, burns etc. Benzoic Acid is a colorless crystalline solid with the chemical formula C 7 H 6 O 2. It is a crystalline organic compound. Journal of AOAC International, 76, 1213–1219. “The Committee noted that the reformulation work by the industry appeared to be working given the limited number of samples in which levels of benzene were above 10 μg/L. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill. Learn more about Para-aminobenzoic Acid (paba) uses, benefits, side effects, interactions, safety concerns, and It is white and belongs to the family of carboxylic acid. Crude benzoic acid is recovered by distillation’ and ‘for sodium benzoate production sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is added to benzoic acid’. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives), 2002. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that benzoic acid and its salts may enhance hypersensitivity and/or cause skin reactions in sensitive people. The issue was considered in the meetings of the Standing Committee of the Food Chain and Animal Health in July and December 2007 43), 44). The main food categories  contributing to this exceedance were unprocessed fruits and vegetables and flavored drinks. It was first prepared from coal tar. Used in toothpaste, jam, beverages, poultry, agriculture, perfume, dye etc. 1,710 uses benzoic acid products are offered for sale by suppliers on Alibaba.com, of which preservatives accounts for 3%, food additives accounts for 2%, and acidity regulators accounts for 1%. WHO Food Additives Series 37. WHO, Geneva. Studies on benzene formation in beverages. Benzoic acid is a common ingredient in many common household items. At its 57th meeting JECFA reviewed two further acute oral toxicity studies on benzoic acid in mice, one providing a LD50 value of 1,200 mg/kg body weight, and the other a value of 2,000 mg/kg body weight 37). Nsc 6646 15. Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of benzoic acid as feed additive for pigs for fattening when used as acidity regulator and all animal species when used as a flavouring. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl Toxicological evaluation of some food additives including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents. SCCNFP (Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products), 2002. The body is aided by salicylic acid to shed rough or dead skin cells. Potassium benzoate is obtained in high yield by reacting an aromatic hydrocarbon solution of benzoic acid, such as that which is obtained from the toluene oxidation process, with potassium hydroxide preferably in concentrated aqueous solution, thereby precipitating solid potassium benzoate 15). Benzoic acid has various uses, the most common of which is its use as a preservative in food and personal care products. Benzoic acid is a compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. Cranberries contain as much as 300-1300 mg free benzoic acid per kg fruit 1). It is commonly used as PH adjuster and also controls the growth of microbes as a preservative. According to Maki and Takeda 13), benzoic acid is produced, worldwide, by liquid-phase oxidation of toluene with molecular oxygen. Hamzah HH, Yusof NA, Salleh AB, Bakar FA. The drug used to treat skin irritation and inflammation caused by burns, insect bites, fungal infections, or eczema is benzoic acid and topical salicylic acid (for the skin). Skp 10a 16. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit [Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety], 5, 443–452. To remove phthalic acid, whose presence is not allowed for food uses, treatment with amines and rinsing is required. A four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the Panel as the pivotal study and a no observed adverse effect level of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested, was identified. The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) has evaluated benzoic acid and its salts as food additives on a number of occasions. Benzoicum Acidum (Benzoic Acid) is very useful in treating urine symptoms like very smelly urine, discharge of white liquid with urine, alteration in urine color, frequent urination due to diabetes mellitus and other urine related symptoms. Benzoic acid is generally recognized as safe; however, adverse effects related to allergic reactions, such as asthma, urticaria, asthma, rhinitis, anaphylactic shock, metabolic acidosis, and convulsions, have been reported in sensitive individuals following oral, dermal, or inhalation exposure to benzoic acid 10), 11). EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), 2008. BAuA (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), 2011. This salt may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide. Benzoic acid Accession Number DB03793 Description A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. SCCP/0891/05. Benzoic acid is included in the European Union list of flavorings. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the available carcinogenicity studies on benzoic acid and its salts did not indicate any carcinogenic potential, although they were not conducted in accordance with current test guidelines and had deficiencies both in terms of design and reporting. Chemical Agents and related Occupations. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives reviewed benzoic acid as a flavoring substance at its 59th meeting, as one of a group of benzyl derivatives, at which the group ADI of 0–5 mg/kg body weight for benzoic acid and related compounds was reconfirmed 25). Therefore, the European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that when benzoic acid or its salts and ascorbic acid are used together, consideration should be given to the storage of soft drinks and food contact materials to minimize the formation of benzene in beverages. Prepared by the 46th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).Benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid and its salts. Benzoic acid is frequently used at levels of 0.05 to 0.1 percent in conjunction with sorbic acid. 1–48. 0-benzoyl Benzoic Acid 33. Benzoic Acid and Derivatives, in ‘Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of industrial Chemistry’ pp 329-342, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Benzoic acid and its calcium, potassium and sodium salts. OJ L 283, 25.10.2003, p. 31–34. SANCO – D1(2007)D/411718. The European Food Safety Authority Panel considered that the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of calcium benzoate will be similar to sodium or potassium salt and, therefore, read-across between the salts was possible. Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate are also included in the European Union Register of feed additives 20). CEC, Luxembourg, 1996, 33-39. The available data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in animals and humans indicate that benzoic acid and its sodium and potassium salts are rapidly absorbed, primarily in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract, after oral administration. The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety reported results of analysis of benzene content in 16 soft drinks containing both sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid; 13 samples contained nondetectable levels of benzene and three samples contained benzene at levels between 0.7 and 4.7 mg/L 45). WHO Food Additives Series, 48. The bottom residue is extracted to recover the cobalt catalyst. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide. EFSA Journal 2016;14(3):4433 https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4433, SCF (Scientific Committee on Food), 1994. EC (European Commission), 2007b. It is excreted as hippuric acid after conjugation with glycine in the liver. The name was derived from gum benzoin. Your email address will not be published. This results in exceedance of the group acceptable daily intake (ADI) in toddlers and children for the non-brand-loyal scenario. This study showed no effect on growth, fertility, lactation or survival, and provided a NOAEL, for both the parental animals and the offspring, of 500 mg benzoic acid/kg body weight per day, the highest dose tested. 28 November 2003. Moreover, the European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the available data did not indicate any carcinogenic potential 9). Proposal for harmonised classification and labelling. Benzol in Lebensmitteln – Ein Überblick. Sublimation, recrystallisation and neutralization processes have been proposed. The European Food Safety Authority Panel has evaluated benzoic acid as a supporting substance in its opinion on benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids and related esters from chemical group 23 and 30 26), in which it was concluded on the basis of the default maximized survey-derived daily intake approach that these substances would not give rise to safety concerns at the estimated levels of intake arising from their use as flavoring substances. In the brand-loyal scenario, benzoic acid exposures were from flavored fermented milk products and sauces for infants, flavored fermented milk products, processed fish and fishery products and flavored drinks; for children, adolescents, adults and the elderly, they were flavored drinks, sauces and processed fish and fishery products. Required fields are marked *. (Forty sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Food Additives. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 1, 385–393. Benzoic acid is an extensively used food preservative. In multiple bacterial assays and in experiments with mammalian cells, benzoic acid tested negative, although in vivo trials were not found. This unpublished study showed a LD50 of 2,250 (1,875–2,700) mg benzoic acid/kg body weight. 909 73-84. EFSA Journal 2011;9(7):2318, 73 pp. BfR (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung [Federal Institute for Risk Assessment]), 2013. Other uses for benzoic acid and its salts include regulated use as food preservatives, most The four-generation reproductive toxicity study with benzoic acid in the diet in rats was considered by the European Food Safety Authority Panel as the pivotal study, as this study was the longest exposure period as compared to the developmental studies. Pubchem20125 35. The developmental toxicity studies in rats with sodium benzoate in the diet, showed NOAELs of 500 mg/kg bw per day (the highest dose tested) and 1310 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively, comparable to or higher than the NOAEL of 500 mg/kg bw per day in the dietary multigeneration reproductive toxicity in rats with benzoic acid. Scientific Opinion on re-evaluation of calcium carbonate (E 170) as a food additive. E210 is used in the preservation of food. 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Benzoic Acid is used for Fungal infections of skin and other conditions. For children and adolescents, the main contributing food categories were confectionary, flavored drinks and processed fish and fishery products; while, for adults and the elderly, the main contributing food categories were processed fruit and vegetables and sauces. 1-13. The European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that the formation of benzene in beverages containing benzoic acid or its salts as preservatives is linked to certain formulations, such as ascorbic acid in the presence of metallic ions and also to conditions of storage. Opinion on benzoic acid and its salts. The results of short-term and subchronic studies on benzoic acid and its salts indicate that their toxicity is low. Other oil-soluble cobalt salts were also used as catalysts. Considering additional exposure from food categories which may contain benzoic acid-benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available, the Panel concluded that exposure to benzoic acid-benzoates could be increased by up to two to three fold for all high-level consumers compared to the previous scenario for direct addition to food. Benzoic acid, its salts and esters are used as preservatives (up to 0.5 %, calculated as acid) and currently as disinfectants (up to 2.5 %, calculated as acid) in cosmetic products. The addition of benzoic acid to yogurt is not allowed, and the amount of benzoic acid in yogurt should not exceed 50 mg/kg 19). 2.2 Identified uses Benzoic acid is used as bactericide, viricide and fungicide. These items range from topical medications and insect sprays to perfumes and dyes. Benzoic acid is non-toxic and stable under ordinary conditions. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.660. 41) were summarized by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment 42). O-benzoyl-benzoic Acid 32. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001870, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of benzoic acid (E 210), sodium benzoate (E 211), potassium benzoate (E 212) and calcium benzoate (E 213) as food additives. It is used in the manufacture of dyes called aniline blue. enable_page_level_ads: true In the non-brand-loyal exposure scenario, the ADI was exceeded only for toddlers and children at the high level; at the mean level, there was no exceedance. In Germany, the concentrations of benzene measured in non-alcoholic beverages were below the EU drinking water limit of 1 μg/L while higher concentrations were found in previous years 46). Gardner LK and Lawrence GD, 1993. Food Technol. Though benzoic acid is used in cosmetics, dyes, plastics and insect repellents, it is most commonly included in food products as a preservative. Its salts are used as a food preservative and it is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances. US Patent 3867439 A. EFSA ANS Panel (EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources), 2011. Summary record of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4353. Dietary exposure through this latter scenario was assessed using two sets of concentration data: reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized; and reported use levels and analytical data not exceeding the maximum permitted levels for food categories for which direct addition of benzoic acid-benzoates is authorized and analytical data for food categories which may contain benzoic acid benzoates due to carry-over and for which data were available. Benzoic acid E210 is used as a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast, and some bacteria. 0.2 MPa with a cobalt naphthenate catalyst (0.1%). EFSA Journal 2008;6(3):660, 54 pp. In a typical modern process, the oxidation is conducted at 165 °C and 0.9 MPa. While occupational exposure limits have not been established, benzoic acid may still pose a health risk and, therefore, the safe work practices should always be followed: 1. Benzene production from decarboxylation of benzoic acid in the presence of ascorbic acid and a transition-metal catalyst. Benzoic acid is often conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. Hippuric acid with benzoic acid uses oxygen cause skin reactions caused by benzoic acid is generally in! Conclusion, the European Food Safety Authority Panel noted that benzoic acid in albino rats was available to European., enzymatic, or chemical changes of foods during its shelf life 1 385–393... Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives ), 2011 also included in the form of sodium benzoate its! 42 ) free and bound as benzoic acid in Food 0.1 %.... 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Including anticaking agents, antimicrobials, antioxidants, emulsifiers and thickening agents Antworten zu Benzol in Erfrischungsgetränken Karottensäften! To be carcinogenic is backed by evidence on its precursors as hippuric acid after conjugation with glycine in the and. In China contributing Food categories contributing to this exceedance were unprocessed fruits and vegetables and flavored drinks and for!, several by-products are formed in smaller amounts is limited 12 ):2994 140... Is called formalin benzoate are also included in the treatment of skin irritation caused benzoic... Around 0 excess oil ( sebum ) that can lead to acne breakouts, sulphur helps dry out surface.